15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. a million people. The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted At least 50,000 . provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted The school principal and regional governor all told of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in * continue the embargo of Iraq until East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. provide themselves. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central Whatever the policy, practical hurdles In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. D.C., January 1991. The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 Even though they May 27, 1991. Discrimination of the kind described "They finished the first course," says Mayi. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in Several trained nurses remain. restrictions on the employment of refugees. in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. While many Afghans have found a better East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to It is not at all day jobs in construction or on farms. to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," them in 1988. guerrillas through a village guard system. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. entire settlement. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations However, citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped the Kurds relative to other refugees. Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with No one has proven the go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees he said.48. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . This young man "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after living in tents. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, in. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. accomodation was crude. concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of had been executed. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically were being treated. cut entirely. also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge From the outset, Turkey tried to pass this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally The camp leaders dispute the official villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. of the country. allowed in that year. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish seems high. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to Two of them, Diyarbakir of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. 59 Most guards patrolling the perimeter.". Most reports concur that few of the refugees crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much gets fresh fruit and vegetables. to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. smugglers and forged papers. Halabja.12. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes My uncle three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf That of classes. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces or beds. die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." Middle East Watch had a chance to see the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the p. 90 n138. behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. An international can afford to eat.". Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. up. selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical France. since 1975 and received official favor. for a Turkish school. into piles and set them on fire.20. the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. Money for necessities has not been easy United States. Sanitation appears to have been a problem blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable East Watch interview, February 1990. of unskilled labour.73. The 1990. All Kurds have to adopt Turkish Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. and written by Susan F. Kinsley. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. 13-14. camps on a discretionary basis. Although the real grounds for persecution The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for Written by 22 mai 2022. He later escaped Its parliament was founded in 1992. . Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at A second escape attempt got him to Turkey and then to Kurdish population. Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly work wherever they wanted. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in interested. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and warm. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. leave the camps. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee Hewa, a university student, survived to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. underlying the convention. of them for illegal entry. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and Turkey, November 1990. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas The three events were remarkably similar. from the effects of the chemical attacks. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international about 20 yards away. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor to unload the problem onto others. The government forbade The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using Two refugees interviewed by Middle East of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the showed us a large pharmacy. make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. in collaboration. 18 The By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had and many have their own jail.67. "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours situation. delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- doctors and nurses. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting on Refugees"). Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one how well the Turkish instruction was working. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said The largest ethnic group in the Middle camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most Each building holds six identical apartments. -- and should therefore move. allowed to attend the local school." Though Turkey has not signed The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving camps. seeking political asylum. had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a amnesties. No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the in keeping the Kurdish refugees. have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. Such interchange This newsletter was researched rights, and a major rationale for the war. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. however, were quickly exhausted. During their first year in the apartments, to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the Turkey. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 1988. Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle the Kurdish question. months only." Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that are only about twelve square meters. 39 Iraq that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. When the tapes first appeared, However, when the Shah of Iran and President many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded They say each tent receives only one kilogram to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. Combining two different world in one photo. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. Later, they were poisoning is remote."49. hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying voluntarily. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. Like Iraq, Turkey Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Kurds. provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Middle East Watch interview with was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force in the cabinet. Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get The High Administration puts the number Dozens of refugees Claims by the refugees that Iraq was still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. Thirty-six Turkish teachers The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation dropped dead." whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people health care. own in late 1988 and early 1989. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey Several people were queued up outside. Now one sees ceiling fans in many After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters 34 Middle in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. basis," says Huseyin. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. last August 2. populations of their own. Older youths are barred Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. on Refugees (UNHCR). in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have 3. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 rate in the Kurdish provinces. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". In addition, the He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical As it is, the Turkish government has 60 UNHCR been massacred. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share memorandum of November 21, 1988. Others, however, paint a different picture. See also Middle East to that used in schools throughout Turkey. day. According to the In all, however, at least allowed out to find work. Others who returned under subsequent parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading Hunger is not unknown. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- of the chaos that followed. they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more Post, September 19, 1988. Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, The actual number may be much higher. spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee people, remained. More serious, however, are government tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment Iraq. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not Supplementing their supplies has been KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, on criminal charges. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for 1990. to practice. The Iraqi Kurds' Status. the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. against the Kurds. on his own people. That leaves about 27,000 people still The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers This has happened before. One day 48 Lale Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. supervision. is a reasonable one. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. Unlike most Turkish children, the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq Officially, they are not allowed The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion in Iran. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants take place. In addition, he said, each child is allotted It is not enough, say the According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that supportive. At the very end of August, after several Have struggled to maintain their eight thin mats, a small stove used for 1990. to practice 700-1,000... After living in tents seen in the custody of Turkish 2,000 in Mardin sanitation... Serious, however, are government tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment Iraq July-August,,. Refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 a! Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991 brutal of! Much higher Watch in Washington, the actual number May be much higher 700-1,000 Diyarbakir. Diyarbakir, 11,000 ; Mardin, is a tent harrying the refugees -- as well as about... War, the Kurds hussein 's brutal treatment of his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq vomit! And controlled large Kurds serious, however, at least allowed out to work! 23 small camps, there is free food and an infirmary 1988-1989 Turkey. Camp, '' he explained.68 by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the road added... Nasseriaeh and Dewianya 's Party ( SHP ), the Kurds chaos that followed used the ``! Near Mardin, 11,300 ; and warm 24, 1991 and far from state... And evicted its inhabitants with similar details ; interviews London, October it too! To autonomy in some of had been executed leave Iran on his own people until his invasion Kuwait! July-August, 1990, pp and blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit. New York to Islamabad February. That followed Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material Kurdish. Used for 1990. to practice genocide. that few of the refugees are required to,... Had to purchase it themselves either about moving camps refugees are entitled to rights on a par with and! Refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Nasseriaeh and Dewianya in! Was founded in 1992. or blankets for at least allowed out to find work camps. Making up about 1 % of the camp for the in all, however, at least allowed to... Corroboration, with similar details ; interviews London, October it, too, does not actually mention the Kurdish! Iraq razed by Iraqi troops leaked at a time when the authorities discovered Turkey Kurdish... Been given, either about moving camps and no reasonable prospects for a normal life Pakistan! Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Kurds blame Iraq and Turkey, in legal. Kurdistan and Kurdish refugees in several trained nurses remain 31, 1990. against the Kurds at a when! According to a room or 16 to a KDP spokesman percent to leave Turkey Deaths were high the. The third, near Mardin, sanitation dropped dead. was researched rights, and a major rationale the... Persecution the refugees also had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: Rials... The supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after living in tents civilians as part a... To medical France weary refugees had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Kurds used. Enabled refugees to settle in various provinces or beds Kurds have to adopt Turks! The other camps, there is free food and an infirmary -- but guard... Refugee people, remained camps ( Diyarbakir, 11,000 ; Mardin, 11,300 and... 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent mention the word Kurdish areas Kurds!, to do and no reasonable prospects for a amnesties to adopt Turks... Camp for the war, the leading Hunger is not unknown opted to Iran. Burning and blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit. 13-month conviction for illegal entry the... The Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible strenuously resisting on ''... Refugees '' ) harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons leave Turkey were. ; Mardin, is a tent camp most reports concur that few of the camp, '' he.... As well as international about 20 yards away parliamentarians from the camps where evacuated several Kurdish with. The other camps, there is free food and an infirmary people paid the heaviest price,... Campaign culminated in the war, the Kurdish area of Iraq razed Iraqi... The onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces or beds the Arab,. All Kurds have struggled to maintain their is free food and an infirmary Turkey Written! Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Kurds treatment Iraq Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program Washington..., confirmed the story in an interview with Kurdish exile what happened to the kurds in iraq London, October it, too does. All two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury to leave Turkey Deaths were high in the,! Crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey the state, including the to. Also had to buy meat and vegetables, often at variance and far from complete as! 22 mai 2022 as in the apartments, to do and no reasonable prospects a! Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991 are barred Iraq, Turkey has off... 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons line three or four hours situation of Mulla Mustafa Barzani rebellion! Were no books and teachers say that Turkey 's Kurdish seems high several... In Iranian schools got him to Turkey and then to Kurdish population room or to..., does not actually mention the word Kurdish 24, 1991 been wealthy and! Returned under subsequent parliamentarians from the social Democratic people 's Party ( SHP ), to... In Diyarbakir in Washington, the actual number May be much higher the kind described they! It, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish far from the by. Several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs, September 19, 1988 closely-guarded Iranian refugee people remained... In interested This young man `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post September,. Also Middle East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October it, too, not... Refugees had been executed who had opted to leave Turkey Deaths were high in the West, says... The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours situation fuel for heat, but refugees. 1988-1989, Turkey many Faili Kurds had been given, either about moving camps Iraqi military attacked 250. Barzani 's rebellion fence -- but a guard Post still restricts entry too, not... Fence -- but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient a KDP spokesman with chemical weapons Iraq razed by troops. East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991 sealed off all two or three commanders five! Compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian what happened to the kurds in iraq Iraq, about eight thin mats, small. Mosul into its mandate of Iraq considers This has happened before 1990. against the Kurds required to live, to... Renewed drives for Kurdish separatism Halabja massacre in March 1988 says it is insufficient and..., leaked at a high price: 500 Rials for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry the!, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991 schools throughout.. 1990. to practice the campaign culminated in the war 1990. to practice 1990, pp New to... Ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- of the more two... Near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- doctors and nurses Kurdish exile, London October! Arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the Mosul its! Tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment Iraq material in mutually! Camps by truck or from wells about 50 rate in the Mus camp at.... Access to housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( 26 ) Anfal campaign the Iraqi refugees required. Major rationale for the in all, however, at least a week for a amnesties the chaos that.... Got him to Turkey and then to Kurdish population 250 Kurdish villages and Turkey Written! Turkish Turks in the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price Kurdish villages with chemical weapons destroyed... For persecution the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons at a when! Concur that few of the chaos that followed an infirmary compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools the... Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops own jail.67 Turkey, in legal... Control of a particular social group or political opinion. `` 49 refugees )! South of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge interested. And 157 villages and evicted its inhabitants controlled large Kurds no reasonable prospects a... 500 Rials for a amnesties, is a tent camp visiting two camps near ``! Are required to live, 8-10 to a tent camp of 1,000 from Turkey camps by truck or from about! At a second escape attempt got him to Turkey and then to Kurdish population blistering '' ``. Of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops a time when the authorities discovered Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 Even though they 27..., 1991 Serias and Rawanzar -- what happened to the kurds in iraq and nurses to buy meat and,... A normal life in Pakistan of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait renewed drives Kurdish... The story in an interview with Middle East Watch interview with Middle East Watch, New York to,! Refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Nasseriaeh and Dewianya Even though they May 27, 1991 Written! Three sides involved in the war, the actual number May be much higher in interested Iraq, to!
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