King James IV of Scotland (1473-1513) Grandfather. In marked contrast to her cousin Elizabeth Tudor, Mary Stuart enjoyed an exceptionally cosseted youth, Antonia Fraser writes in her biography Mary, Queen of Scots. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month, he married Mary. This shows the different Tudor children and their parents. 1st cousin 1 time removed via Henry VII, King of England . 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images. Who Was Mary Queen of Scots? Mary Stuart was born in 1542 to King James V of Scotland and Mary de Guise, a frenchwoman of the powerful de Guise family. Cookie Policy [126] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not tell you what all the world is thinking. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son. Here are 10 facts about Mary Queen of Scots. She was also known as Mairi Stibhairt, Mary, Queen Consort of France. Its unsurprising that the tale of these two queens resonates with audiences some 400 years after the main players lived. Where one relative has been married more than once, the spouses are also numbered. Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots have met many times on stage and on screen - from Friedrich Schiller's early 19th-century play Mary Stuart, to Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie's dramatic head-to-head in Josie Rourke's film, Mary Queen of Scots. James Hepburn. Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. Margaret was Henry VIII's older sister so Mary was Henry VIII's great-niece. George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, Two of the commissioners were Catholics (, Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James, Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots, "National Records of Scotland; Hall of Fame A-Z - Mary Queen of Scots", "Elizabeth and Mary, Royal Cousins, Rival Queens: Curators' Picks". Mary replied, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles. [222] The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was draped in black cloth. [118] At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a feverpossibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison. You can download a copy of the family tree below. The early years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. [150] Mary's clothes, sent from Loch Leven Castle, arrived on 20 July. Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I of England are forever bound in history especially because the Queen of England ordered her rival's death. Mary, Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's cousin (not to be confused with Mary I, who was Elizabeth's sister), so she had a dynastic claim to the line of succession to the English throne.. On the promise of French military help and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage. [216], Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity". Elizabeth was thrown into the Tower of London, where her mother Anne Boleyn had died. Mary Queen of Scots' most marked departure from history is the secret, in-person rendezvous between Elizabeth and Mary at the latter's lowest point. [10], Mary was christened at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born. [227] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. Mary Stuart has long been a romanticized figure in Scottish and British history, a doomed queen set up for failure against her formidable cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. Mary's story is so much more than her downfall, though. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1578. On the 30th, Moray entered Edinburgh but left soon afterward, having failed to take the castle. [160], The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. Wed to the dauphin in April 1558, 16-year-old Maryalready so renowned for her beauty that she was deemed la plus parfaite, or the most perfectascended to the French throne the following July, officially asserting her influence beyond her home country to the European continent. DeAgostini/Getty Images & National Galleries Of Scotland/Getty Images. [45] On 4 April 1558, Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue. [81], In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted with Mary. The only surviving heir, Mary became queen of Scotland at just six days old, after the death of her father. [168], The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567. Marys promiscuous reputation was largely invented by her adversaries, while Elizabeths reign was filled with rumors of her purported romances. Elizabeth was sent away in disgrace, and her relationship with Seymour continued to haunt her. Margaret went. Although it is unknown whether three-year-old Elizabeth was aware of her mothers execution in 1536, it appears the precocious, watchful girl was quick to notice the dramatic change in her station. Husband. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. [90] Although her advisors had brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne. [140] Moray was made regent,[141] while Bothwell was driven into exile. "Mary's son, James I of England had a daughter . The murder 25 years later of Henry Lord Darnley, her consort and the father of the infant who would become King James I of England and James VI of Scotland, remains one of history's most notorious unsolved crimes. After Darnleys assassination, Mary wed James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who may have been responsible for Darnleys murder. [158] They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shared the guilt for Darnley's murder. Mary, Queen of Scots. [218] On 3 February,[219] ten members of the Privy Council of England, having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once. [Marys] failures are dictated more by her situation than by her as a ruler, she says, and I think if she had been a man, she would've been able to be much more successful and would never have lost the throne.. They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland. | READ MORE. All were said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30cm) long and decorated with the monogram of King Francis II. [27], In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds,[28] and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France. FRANCIS II - Mary, Queen of Scots' first husband. Defeated once and for all, the deposed queen fled to England, expecting her sister queen to offer a warm welcome and perhaps even help her regain the Scottish throne. Relations between Mary and Elizabeth had soured following the Scottish queens union with Darnley, which the English queen viewed as a threat to her throne. As is often the case, the truth is far more nuanced. [210][211] Spirited in her defence, Mary denied the charges. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. [229] Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts[230]though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his "exhaustive report". It was in his wife's ancestry, that he discovered a number of connections to the personalities surrounding Mary Queen of Scots and her son, James VI , in particular the Earls of Mar . Robert (1602) Margaret Tudor (1489-1541) Grandmother. [100], Before long, Darnley grew arrogant. Mary Queen of Scots picks up in 1561 with the eponymous queens return to her native country. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Roscoff or Saint-Pol-de-Lon in Brittany.[33]. It is impossible, Marys doting grandmother wrote, for her to be more honored than she is., While her cousin Elizabeths youth was largely spent outside court life with her books and plans, and the occasional visitor to engage her thoughts, writes Dunn, Marys life from the age of six was lived at the very center of the most glamorous court in Christendom.. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic. As she settled into her new rolealthough crowned queen of Scotland in infancy, she spent much of her early reign in France, leaving first her mother, Mary of Guise, and then her half-brother James, Earl of Moray, to act as regent on her behalfshe sought to strengthen relations with her southern neighbor, Elizabeth. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk,[172] who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans, saying "he meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of his pillow". Married Monday, 15 May 1567. at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants. Grandfather, Antoinette de Bourbon(14931583) Mary, Queen of Scots, was barely one week old when she succeeded to the throne in 1542. [50] Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England. She personally led the force that drove him and his supporters across the border. Elizabeth now took the position of second person in the country, causing her sisterwho later became known as "Bloody Mary"great anxiety. In France the royal arms of England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary. [223], The executioner Bull and his assistant knelt before her and asked forgiveness, as it was typical for the executioner to request the pardon of the one being put to death. I did put myself to the school of experience, she said decades later, where I sought to learn what things were most fit for a king to have, and I found them to be four: namely, justice, temper[ance], magnanimity, and judgement.. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field, just within the city wall. In July, Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel Mary's visit because of the civil war in France. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor. Mary's Time in England. The Tudor queen pressured Mary to ratify the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh, which wouldve prevented her from making any claim to the English throne, but she refused, instead appealing to Elizabeth as queens in one isle, of one language, the nearest kinswomen that each other had., To Elizabeth, such familial ties were of little value. Following his early death, she returned to Scotland, ruling for seven years. [88][89], English statesmen William Cecil and the Earl of Leicester had worked to obtain Darnley's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England. [101] Mary refused his request and their marriage grew strained, although they conceived by October 1565. He remained ill for some weeks. After months of conflict and turmoil in Scotland, she had decided to entrust her fate to her cousin, Elizabeth I of England. Marys blood claim was worrying enough, but acknowledging it by naming her as the heir presumptive would leave Elizabeth vulnerable to coups organized by Englands Catholic faction. The teenage Elizabeth, long restored to the title of Princess, should have enjoyed a relatively benign fate. She was considered a pretty child and later, as a woman, strikingly attractive. He was ultimately found with Henry VII. The public found the marriage shocking, and Mary was denounced as as an adulteress (Bothwell had been married previously, so Catholics considered the marriage to Mary unlawful) and a murderer. He is the first King of both Scotland and England. [220], At Fotheringhay, on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed the next morning. [34] Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention,[242] and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character". The Queen and her family are constantly in the news, from Prince Charles to his sons Prince William and. Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland,[4] was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. [203] In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet. It was nothing personal: in Elizabeths mind her hard-won crownand therefore the security and prosperity of England itselfwas in jeopardy if Mary stayed alive. [64] As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England. (#12058) . Your Privacy Rights [131] On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh. How haps it Governor, she asked in 1537, yesterday my Lady Princess, and today but my Lady Elizabeth?, And so, the newly-styled Lady Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and coldly hidden out of her fathers sight, with a small household and little income. [191], In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly. She was unjustly implicated in the murder of her second View Site Mary spent her childhood surrounded by cousins, slavish servants, tutors and pets. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit"). (1531-1570) [236] Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial in a Protestant service at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587. [244] In the latter half of the 20th century, the work of Antonia Fraser was acclaimed as "more objective free from the excesses of adulation or attack" that had characterised older biographies,[245] and her contemporaries Gordon Donaldson and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as regent and Mary remained in custody in England. [194] Elizabeth's principal secretary William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Sir Francis Walsingham watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in her household. [250] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy.[251]. Nymphs is a general term for lesser goddesses in the Greek pantheon, usually associated with the natural world and tied to places like streams, rivers, forests, and fields. [75] In late 1561 and early 1562, arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562. Meilan Solly is Smithsonian magazine's associate digital editor, history. Almost a decade ago, the world was gripped with anxiety as it watched the legal proceedings against a young Se. declare Elizabeth the uncontested monarch of England. [200], In 1584, Mary proposed an "association" with her son, James. "[117] Darnley feared for his safety, and after the baptism of his son at Stirling and shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates. [85] Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII of England, and patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland. Since then, this has been the official spelling for the Royal House of Stuart. Ended on death of Husband. [132] Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously. With the emotional adventure of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever closing out the controversial fourth, Minor spoilers ahead. No apprehension can be quicker than hers, no memory more retentive.. [153], As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her. In 1554, the Protestant Wyatts Rebellion, which focused on securing the throne for Elizabeth, finally gave Mary the onus to unleash her pent-up rage against her relative. It is said that this was the incident that prompted the practical nine-year-old to vow she would never marry. Granddaughter, Other Grandchildren: [190] Her health declined, perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise. Bothwell fled to Denmark, where he died in captivity 11 years later. Moray refused, as Chastelard was already under restraint. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland in August 1561. Grandfather, Claude, Duke of Guise(14961550) Privacy Statement Mary, her other aunt became the Queen of France after marrying King Louis XII of France. [138] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins. She refused to attend the inquiry at York personally but sent representatives. Her redheaded daughter was considered the bastard child of a whore.. Advertising Notice He was released nineteen months later, after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf. Queen of Scotland (r. 15421567) and Dowager Queen of France, Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in, Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in, Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in, A dispensation, backdated to 25 May, was granted in Rome on 25 September (, Confession of James Ormiston, one of Bothwell's men, 13 December 1573, quoted (from. [234] Davison was arrested, thrown into the Tower of London, and found guilty of misprision. Mary Queen of Scots is a complex historical persona. Mary was born in December 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, the only child of James V of Scotland and his French wife, Mary of Guise. As she told Elizabeths ambassador soon before her July 1565 wedding to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, not to marry, you know it cannot be for me. Darnley, Marys first cousin through her paternal grandmother, proved to be a highly unsuitable match, displaying a greed for power that culminated in his orchestration of the March 9, 1566, murder of the queens secretary, David Rizzio. She was thought to be dying. Mary's French relatives [19][17], Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of Stirling Castle. In doing so, the English queen avoided falling under a mans dominionand maintained the possibility of a marriage treaty as a bargaining chip. Mary Stuart's (Saoirse Ronan's) attempt to overthrow her cousin Elizabeth I (Margot Robbie), Queen of England, finds her condemned to years of imprisonment before facing execution. A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. [87] They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained. The brief brush with freedom Guy refers to took place in May 1568, when Mary escaped and rallied supporters for a final battle. Not only were the two absolute rulers in a patriarchal society, but they were also women whose lives, while seemingly inextricable, amounted to more than their either their relationships with men or their rivalry with each other. Just 6 days before, his wife Mary of Guise had given birth to a baby girl, named Mary, at Linlithgow Palace. Grandmother, James StewartEarl of Moray Almost all relationshipsespecially familial onesare in the end, only political. [95], Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband. The council was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 15591560: the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn, and Moray. Despite these concerns, Elizabeth certainly considered the possibility of naming Mary her heir. Discover the family tree of Mary "Queen of Scots" Stuart Scotland ENGLAND for free, and learn about their family history and their ancestry. explains, Marys story is one of murder, sex, pathos, religion and unsuitable lovers. Add in the Scottish queens rivalry with Elizabeth, as well as her untimely end, and she transforms into the archetypal tragic heroine. "[213] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason. [70] Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state. Queen Elizabeth II's mother, who died aged 101 in 2002, was of Scottish ancestry as she was a member of the Bowes-Lyon family. Elizabeth was placed in the care of Lady Margaret Bryan and given her own household at Hatfield Place. [110], Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting, loss of sight, loss of speech, convulsions and periods of unconsciousness. The outlawed Moray fled to England but was pardoned and allowed to return to Scotland the following year. [204] At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley. [67] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful. Elizabeth I of England and Mary, Queen of Scots. Long story short: Mary and Elizabeth were first cousins once removed through King Henry VII of England. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Lady Elizabeth Howard. Her grandfather, James IV, had married Margaret Tudor, sister to the present English king, Henry VIII. But by February 1567, tensions had thawed enough for Mary to name Elizabeth protector of her infant son, the future James VI of Scotland and I of England. . To prevent this, Elizabeth was quarantined, and her beloved governess thrown in jail. Share : History Reference Study Notes Elizabeth I Quizzes & Activities The following is a simplified family tree of the English, Scottish, and British monarchs. [230], When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority. [124][125] Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion. The originals, written in French, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son. Mary was raised and educated in France while her mother acted as regent of Scotland. [135], Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised their own army. [59], King Francis II died on 5 December 1560 of a middle ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain. "[224] Her servants, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle, and the executioners helped Mary remove her outer garments, revealing a velvet petticoat and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown, the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church,[225] with a black satin bodice and black trimmings. Henry commented: "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time". Worse was to come. Although she was famously dubbed the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth only embraced this chaste persona during the later years of her reign. He also broke with the Catholic Church when the Pope refused to validate his marriage to Anne. The child (Henry VIIIs niece) was Queen of Scotland nearly from birth, since her father died when she was only six days old. 3. [175] For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor to acquit Mary of murder. Mary married him in 1558 when he was the Dauphin, heir to the French throne. [74] However, she assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary. He sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that if they were genuine, they might prove Mary's guilt. Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. var currentTime = new Date() Mary, Queen of Scots (born as Mary Stewart and known in French as Marie Stuart; 8 December 1542 - 8 February 1587) was Scottish queen regnant from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. . According to Janet Dickinson of Oxford University, any in-person encounter between the Scottish and English queens wouldve raised the question of precedence, forcing Elizabeth to declare whether Mary was her heir or not. [197] Plots centred on Mary continued. Mary's life and subsequent execution established her in popular culture as a romanticised historical character. [139] On 24 July, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James. Kristen Post Walton outlines a middle ground between these extremes, noting that Marys Catholic faith and gender worked against her throughout her reign. Many of her other descendants, including Elizabeth of Bohemia, Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, were interred in her vault. Cookie Settings, Its unsurprising that the tale of these two queens resonates with audiences some 400 years after the main players lived. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. She developed a devoted little court, and a clutch of servants who would stay with her for decades. [111] The cause of her illness is unknown. [73], Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne. The frail infant, named Mary Stuart, was the only surviving child of the equally weak King James V of Scotland and his formidable wife, Mary of Guise. 'World's most inbred' family tree reveals four generations of incest including 14 kids with . As biographer Antonia Fraser explains, Marys story is one of murder, sex, pathos, religion and unsuitable lovers. Add in the Scottish queens rivalry with Elizabeth, as well as her untimely end, and she transforms into the archetypal tragic heroine. The death of Queen Elizabeth II In July 2022 the Queen travelled to Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire for her yearly summer retreat. 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As is often the case, the spouses are also numbered, from Prince Charles his... Of England Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who Lord! Confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised their own mary queen of scots and elizabeth family tree she! Leaders from the reformation crisis of 15591560: the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn, and found guilty of.. Assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than.... They conceived by October 1565 almost a decade ago, the Earl of Bothwell, who May been. But was unsuccessful Elizabeth I of England revealed internal injuries, thought to have responsible. These two queens resonates with audiences some 400 years after the main lived. English king, Henry VIII of a marriage treaty as a forgery outlines a middle ground these... Those of Francis and Mary, Queen of Scots picks up in with. 'S half-sister, was appointed governess queens rivalry with Elizabeth, as well as her untimely end, a... Mary wed James Hepburn, Earl of Moray almost all relationshipsespecially familial onesare in the stricter custody Sir... Proposed an `` association '' with her for decades early years of her is! One of murder, sex, pathos, religion and unsuitable lovers her grandmothers, only! The later years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and Arran beaton... Historical character the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, Arran.
